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项目名称：西南喀斯特山地石漠化与适应性生态系统调控
项目编号：2006CB403200
项目领域：资源环境
第一承担单位：贵州大学
开始日期：2006-09-01
预计完成日期：2011-08-31
概述：
针对国家关于“进一步做好西南石漠化综合治理工作”的重大需求，本项目瞄准西南喀斯特山区石漠化过程和适应性生态修复的基础理论问题，以贵州为中心的西南喀斯特不同生态环境区典型小流域为研究对象，从研究喀斯特山地石漠化过程机理、驱动力和时空变化出发，以岩石－土壤－水－生物相互作用地球化学过程及其对石漠化的响应为科学核心，重点深入研究喀斯特山地石漠化过程中的土壤侵蚀、水土流失、生态系统退化的生物地球化学作用，研究喀斯特环境中生物适应对策和物种优化配置理论，建立喀斯特生态系统健康与安全评价体系，探索顺应自然规律并兼顾生态系统服务功能和区域社会发展需求的、能够有效促进生态系统修复的可行性途径，提出喀斯特退化和石漠化生态系统的修复与优化调控的理论体系。
本项目拟解决的关键科学问题有：①喀斯特山地加速侵蚀过程和驱动力与危险性及评价指标体系；②喀斯特生态系统退化中物质的生物地球化学循环过程；③喀斯特生物适应对策及物种优化配置。拟开展的主要研究内容包括五个方面：①喀斯特石漠化的时空格局变化与驱动力。从西南喀斯特地质地理演化规律出发，探讨喀斯特生态环境的类型和地域分异规律及其石漠化演变过程与驱动因子，构筑不同尺度的石漠化发生发展的景观空间动力学模型。②喀斯特山地加速侵蚀过程和驱动力与危险性及评价指标体系。重点研究喀斯特山区的成土速率与人类活动干扰下薄土层坡地加速侵蚀的过程和机理，确定土壤允许流失量；进行喀斯特山区水土流失与石漠化产生之间的关联性研究，建立评价指标体系。③喀斯特生态系统退化和石漠化过程中的生物地球化学过程。研究不同喀斯特生态环境区以水为纽带的大气-水-土壤-生物等界面的水分/养分生物地球化学循环规律及其与生态系统生产力与稳定性之间的耦合关系，构建生物地球化学循环对生态系统演替过程的响应和动态变化的机制模型。④喀斯特植物适应对策、物种优化配置与适应性修复。研究喀斯特地区特有植物的生活史特征，分析适合度随异质性环境的变化格局，阐明植物的综合适应对策；结合群落学调查和生态系统结构与功能的研究，阐明物种优化配置方案，探讨不同环境特点和石漠化阶段生态系统的适应性修复途径。⑤喀斯特生态系统的服务功能优化和综合调控。进行西南喀斯特地区生态系统生态/生产功能区划，对生态系统生态/生产服务功能转变与空间替代的风险进行评估，研究系统内土地利用与喀斯特水资源开发、水利水保、基本农田建设、农村能源建设、生态移民等措施的综合调控方案，提出不同类型区生态系统服务功能优化与可持续管理的原则，寻求生态系统服务功能优化机制与途径。针对上述研究内容，设置以下八个课题：①西南喀斯特石漠化的时空格局变化和驱动力；②碳酸盐岩风化的生物地球化学过程与成土速率；③西南喀斯特山地土壤侵蚀过程与水土流失危险度评价；④喀斯特地区水循环动力过程及其水文生态效应；⑤养分生物地球化学循环及其对石漠化过程的响应；⑥喀斯特生物适应对策及物种优化配置；⑦喀斯特生态系统生产力维持机制和适应性修复；⑧喀斯特生态系统的服务功能优化和综合调控。
本项目将在喀斯特不同生态环境区坡地和小流域土壤允许流失量的确定、石漠化发生发展的景观动力学，喀斯特生态系统退化过程中水分/养分循环的变化规律，喀斯特环境/经济植物的综合适应对策，受损喀斯特生态系统可恢复性机制，不同生态环境区石漠化生态系统适应性修复的技术和理论方面获得创新认识。为我国西南喀斯特石漠化区的生态环境改善、区域经济和社会可持续协调发展提供科学支撑；为我国生物地球化学、生态水文学、恢复生态学和生态系统管理科学等交叉和新兴学科的发展建立高水平的研究队伍，并培养高水平的后备人才。
In allusion to the urgent demands of the State for “further efforts to comprehensively control rocky desertification in Southwest China”, this project focuses on the fundamental theoretical problems concerning the processes of rocky desertification in the mountainous areas of Southwest China and adaptively ecological rehabilitation, with the typical small river basins in different ecological environments in the karst areas of Southwest China, especially in Guizhou Province, as the subjects of study, starting with investigations into the mechanism of rocky desertification processes, their driving force and temporal-spatial variations in karst mountainous areas. Furthermore, geochemical processes of rock-soil-water-biomass interaction and their impact on rocky desertification are taken as the core of scientific research and the focus is placed on the deep-going study of soil erosion, water erosion & soil loss, and eco-system degradation in the bio-geochemical processes of rocky desertification in the karst mountainous areas, of the countermeasures toward bio-adaptibility and the species optimizational collocation theory with an attempt to establish the health and safety assessment system for karst eco-systems and search for feasible paths to effectively promote the rehabilitation of eco-systems in adaption of natural rules while taking it into consideration the eco-system service functions and the demands for regionally social development.
The key scientific problems this project plans to address are: (1) Accelerated erosion process and driving force in karst mountainous areas and the establishment of assessment index system; (2) The process of bio-geochemical circulation of materials in the process of karst eco-system degradation; and (3) Countermeasures toward karst bio-adaptibility and species optimizational collocation, to develop research in the following five aspects: 1) Variation of temporal-spatial patterns of karst rocky desertification and driving force. Starting with the geographical and geological evolution rules in the karst areas of Southwest China, we are going to explore the types of karst eco-environments and the rules of terrain differentiation, as well as the evolution processes of rocky desertification and related driving factors so as to set up spatial dynamic models for the occurrence and development of rocky desertification on different scales. 2) Accelerated erosion processes in karst mountainous areas and driving force & risks, and the establishment of assessment index system, with the emphasis on the study of pedogenetic rates in karst mountainous areas and the process and mechanism of accelerated erosion of thin-soil layered sloping fields under anthropogenic interference so as to determine the allowable amount of soil loss and carry out research on the connections between water erosion and soil loss and rocky desertification in karst mountainous areas and establish the assessment index system. 3) The bio-geochemical processes of karst eco-system degradation and rocky desertification. Studies will be carried out on the rules of moisture/nutrition bio-geochemical circulation at the atmosphere-water-soil-biomass interfaces with water as the cordonnier system in different karst eco-environmental zones as well as on the coupling relationship between the productivity of eco-systems and stability so as to establish the model for the impact of bio-geochemical circulation on the evolutionary process of the eco-system and the mechanism of dynamic variation. 4) Countermeasures toward karst vegetation adapbility, species optimizational collocation and adaptibility rehabilitation. Studies will be conducted on the life history of special plant species in karst areas, analysis will be made of the variation patterns of adaptibility with heterogeneous environment so as to decipher the countermeasures toward the comprehensive adaptibility of plant species. In combination with coelogical survey and research on eco-system structures and functions, species optimizational collocation scheme will be described in detail and the paths of eco-system adaplibility rehabilitation in different environments and during different rocky desertification stages will be explored. 5) Oplitimization and adjustment and control of the service functions of karst eco-systems. Regional division will be made of ecological/productive functions of eco-systems in the karst areas of Southwest China, and risks will be assessed for the conversion and spatial replacement of ecological/productive service functions of eco-systems, a comprehensive progam will be put forward for the adjustment-control of countermeasures such as land utilization and the development of karst water resources, water conservancy and water conservation, fundamental farm land construction, rural energy resources construction, immigration in an ecological way and so on within the system. The principles of eco-system service function optimization and sustainable management in different types of environments will be proposed to seek after the mechanisms and paths of eco-system service function optimization. In allusion to the above research contents, the following eight projects have been set up. a) Variation of the temporal and spatial configuration of rocky desertification and its driving force in the karst areas of Southwest China; b) Bio-geochemical processes of carbonate rock weathering and pedogenetic rates; c) Risk assessment for soil erosion process and water erosion and soil loss in the karst mountainous areas of Southwest China; d) Dynamic processes of water circulation and their hydrological-ecological effects in karst areas; e) Impact of bio-geochemical circulation of nutrients on rocky desertification; f) Countermeasures toward karst bio-adaptibility and species optimizational collocation; g) Maintaining mechanism of productivity of karst eco-systems and their adaptibility rehabilitation; and h) Optimization and comprehensive adjustment and control of karst eco-system service functions.
The aim of this project is to obtain innovational understanding of the determination of allowed amounts of soil loss in sloping fields and small river basins in different karst eco-environmental zones, topographical dynamics of genesis and development of rocky desertification, rules of variation pertaining to moisture/nutrition circulation in the process of karst eco-system degradation, countermeasures toward the comprehensive adaptibility of karst environments/economic plants, the rehabilitable mechanisms of damaged karst eco-systems, and technologies and theories for the rehabilitation of adaptibility of rocky desertification eco-systems in different eco-environmental zones so as to provide scientific support to the improvement of eco-environments in the karst rocky desertification zones of Southwest China, and the regional economic and social development in a sustained and coordinated way and bring up a high-level contingent of scientific researchers for the development of interdisciplines and newly rising disciplines such as bio-geochemistry, eco-hydrology, rehabilitation ecology and eco-system management science.
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